Fungi for Human Health by Uzma Azeem & Khalid Rehman Hakeem & M. Ali

Author:Uzma Azeem & Khalid Rehman Hakeem & M. Ali
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9783030587567
Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Antioxidant Activity

Antioxidants provide protection against oxidative stress resulting from the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Several synthetic antioxidants such as butylhydroxyanisole, butylhydroxytoluene, propyl gallate, and tertbutylhydroquinone are in use for years (Atta et al. 2017). However, their safety is argumentative and makes it urgent to find natural sources for novel antioxidants (Ramana et al. 2018). Macrofungi are rich in antioxidants and exhibit free radical scavenging, reducing power, β-carotene bleaching inhibition, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) inhibition properties, etc. (Toledo et al. 2016; Zhang et al. 2018a). Twelve wild strains of Ganoderma sp. from Ghana have been found to be rich in fatty acids, sugars (rhamnose, fructose, mannitol, sucrose, and trehalose), β-glucans, organic acids, phenolic compounds, tocopherols, ergosterol, vitamins, and minerals and show antioxidant potential. These constituents display reducing power and play a role in free radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition (Obodai et al. 2017). Mushroom polysaccharides possess various medicinal properties such as antiaging, antidiabetic, antitumor, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, etc. (Ferreira et al. 2015; Ruthes et al. 2016; Li 2017; Kothari et al. 2018; Yu et al. 2018; Yuan et al. 2018). Polysaccharides recovered from Trametes robiniophila exhibit appreciable 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radical scavenging effects in vitro (Wang et al. 2014). The free radical scavenging activities of mushrooms show a dose-dependent trend (Du et al. 2015). Furthermore, the antioxidant potential of mushroom polysaccharides can be improved through the exposure of stress. Heat stress of 42°C for 2h has significantly increased polysaccharide production to nearly 45.63% in G. lucidum basidiocarps and also improved antioxidant potential of polysaccharides (Tan et al. 2018). In addition to stress treatment, the structural modifications of polysaccharides, e.g., phosphorylation, elevate the antioxidative efficacy. Phosphorylated polysaccharides of Russula alutacea display greater hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion, and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (DPPH) radical scavenging activity as compared to the unmodified ones (Zhao et al. 2018a). Antioxidant potential of mushrooms makes immune health strong. The S. granulatus polysaccharide (SGP) fractions SGP I-b and SGP II-b, purified from the basidiocarps of Suillus granulatus enhance lymphocyte proliferation in vitro through free radical scavenging and reduction capacity (Chen et al. 2018a, b). P. involutus polysaccharides through their scavenging ABTS, DPPH, and hydroxyl and superoxide radicals modulate the immune response increasing release of TNF-α and interleukin-6 (IL-6) from RAW264.7 cells (Liu et al. 2018). A variety of phenolics such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, lignans, tannins, stilbenes, and oxidized polyphenols are also present in macrofungi (Palacios et al. 2011). They form a class of bioactive mycochemicals with significant free radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (Yahia et al. 2017). Several yellow polyphenol pigments referred to as styrylpyrones are found in medicinal mushrooms, e.g., Phellinus and Inonotus species (Hymenochaetaceae) with plausible antioxidant potential. Coculturing like that of I. obliquus with Phellinus punctatus might prove an inexpensive strategy for upregulating the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds. Enhanced production and variations in metabolic profiles involving various metabolites such as inoscavin B (1), inoscavin C (2), methylinoscavin A (3), davallialactone (4), and methyldavallialactone (5) (Fig.

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